ETMA06 Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ETMA06 Punishment - Essay Example The legal executive hears and chooses two primary sorts of cases; these are the criminal cases for infringement of the properly organized punitive rules that everyone must follow and the common cases for the settlement of different questions between and among the individuals from the populace. There is no place for understanding to the extent that the criminal cases are concerned in light of the fact that it depends on concrete correctional laws scratched in stone. Then again, considerate cases are an all the way open combat zone where individuals battle about debates including agreements, torts, and human or property relations among others. Both common and criminal cases end with a judgment declared by the legal position hearing the case. From one viewpoint, criminal cases are chosen with the statement that the blamed is either blameworthy or not liable of the offense as charged. On the off chance that the denounced is liable, he is condemned to network administration, detainment of even capital punishment. The casualty is then vindicated. Then again, thoughtful cases are chosen with the announcement that the petitioner is either qualified or not for the harms appealed to God for. On the off chance that the case is truly, the respondent is requested to repay the inquirer for the misfortune that he has endured. The bothered party is then redressed. Generally, despite the fact that they are of various nature and gravity, both common and criminal cases convey sanctions forced upon the transgressor and remuneration unto the gathering that has endured misfortunes. This is the reason for the acclaimed explanation which says, â€Å"the contrast among common and criminal authorizations is that the previous are intended to redress and the last are intended to punish’. In this view, this paper will investigate the nature and characterizing highlights of both common and criminal authorizes and afterward analyze their likenesses and contrasts. Approvals in common law are punishments forced by courts or other semi legal bodies which are planned as a prevention for infringement of non-reformatory laws just as to give motivations to

Western Expansion Essay -- United States History Historical Essays

The Westward Expansion Presentation The Westward Expansion has regularly been viewed as the focal topic of American history, down to the furthest limit of the19th century and as the principle factor in the molding of American history. As Frederick Jackson Turner says, the best power or impact in molding American vote based system and society had been that there was so much free land in America and this significantly influenced American culture. Intentions After the transformation, the triumphant of autonomy opened up the Western nation and was subsequently trailed by a consistent progression of pilgrims to the Mississippi valley. By 1840, 10 new western states had been added to the Federal association. The wilderness line went through Iowa, Missouri and Arkansas on the western side of the waterway. All pieces of the valley aside from Wisconsin and Minnesota were all around populated. Along these lines a totally different segment had been colonized with enduring consequences for the American foundations, goals and metho ds of living. The far west was the place that is known for high mountains, deserts, unusual stone arrangements, splendid hues and tremendous separation. Hide exchange with Europe had now become a worthwhile business and the hide dealers turned into the pathfinders for the pilgrims. Relocation was presently conceivable by the disclosure of ways over which bull driven trucks could be passed through looking for mountains and over the western desert. Individuals needed to move away from the stuffed urban areas and this prompted the relocation into the uninhabited grounds. Expanded transportation like streets, railways and waterways and their development made an interest for modest work making it simpler for individuals to land positions currently, interestingly with the urban communities where there was joblessness. The pioneer development for a long time after the insurgency generally spoke to the type of 3 equal streams, streaming westwards from New England, Virginia and South Carolin a. The principal pioneer bunches would in general move straightforwardly westbound. Therefore the new Englanders moved into western New York and along the shores of the incredible lakes, Virginians into Kentucky and afterward into Missouri and the South Carolinians and Georgians into the bay regions. All through the settlement of the Mississippi valley, most pioneers didn't travel significant distances and as a domain had been involved, families would move into the neighboring one. There were blast times of extraordinary action, during which million sections of land of land were sold, exchanged ... ...or on the other hand more extensive chances. Indeed, even the wellbeing valve hypothesis has a component of truth when applied to goal-oriented youngsters of the expert class who had a superior possibility of becoming showbiz royalty a lot speedier in the West than in the East. Without the open wilderness, in addition, there would have been an a lot bigger relocation of youngsters from the ranches to the urban communities; hence the boondocks encouraged by implication to check the misuse of the common laborers by keeping it from extending too quickly. The Westward Expansion likewise debilitated state and provincial loyalties and elevated national solidarity because of its natural portability. Most westerners thought of themselves fundamentally as Americans, and needed solid national government with wide powers for creating transportation and advancing the general government assistance. The most critical element of the Westward Expansion was that the pioneers took with them the fun damental organizations of their development. Accordingly we should view the Westward Expansion as one of the variables in the forming of the American human advancement however not alone. AKSHARA PRADHAN Roll No. 385 Tute. Grp.- Tuesday, first Pd. Catalog the historical backdrop of the US of america - H.B.Parkes

Internet Piracy

Web Piracy has become an overall wonder. In the U. S. alone in excess of 100 melodies are downloaded each moment. With this developing issue, 3 primary gatherings endure. The account craftsman endures monetarily, the RIAA (The Recording Association of America) additionally endures monetarily lastly the downloader endures whenever got. This dilemma device has been a thistle in the side of innovation since its presentation in 1999. From that point forward, downloading-or peer-2-peer sharing-has gotten one of the most exceedingly awful demonstrations of innovation influencing the world on the loose. Since the presentation of Napster back in the year 2000, a lot more P2P sharing systems have been imagined to keep the unlawful business alive that left the RIAA in a fix. Be that as it may, in the light of such projects there has additionally been commotion of other lawful P2P programs that offer a similar speed at a cost. Numerous individuals don’t have faith in following through on a cost to get their music. The RIAA, which aggregately speaks to each major and minor craftsman out in the market right currently has been hit with programs accepting benefits from the craftsman just as the business it self. With an end goal to control pilfering, the RIAA, as indicated by an article in Information Week, the RIAA has been attempting to constrain individuals to quit downloading by conveying more than â€Å"†¦400 letters to 13 U. S. colleges informing concerning potential copyright encroachment claims against students†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Adegoke. 2007. ) The issue here is however, the letters are simply a large portion of the arrangement. What befalls the funds of the craftsman. Circumstances are different and not at all like back in the hour of a youthful Michael Jackson, specialists don’t bring in their cash in music deals. It used to be-before the danger of P2P systems that records were being guaranteed 8 and multiple times platinum in light of deals. Presently a days specialists like Mariah Carey, who had a 2005 rebound debut with the Emancipation of Mimi, make most of their benefits with the offer of passes for shows. Mariah Carey who experienced worldwide accomplishment with the collection proceeded to get an accreditation of multiple times platinum with in only two months of discharge. (Board. 2007. ) This affirmation anyway doesn’t contemplate the quantity of downloads that were occurring before the discharge up to the date of accreditation. As the RIAA takes action against startling individuals to start acting responsibly and to buy melodies legitimately, different projects like iTunes, the working system behind the ipod and furthermore one of the primary (lawful) online music suppliers on the planet, has given a cheap method to lawfully get tunes from a web based program with out all the repercussions of managing the RIAA. In spite of the fact that it’s increasingly regular currently to utilize iTunes as a music staple, there are individuals who regardless of the legitimateness and prominence of the program like and promote the utilization of the conservative circle completely. In An article by Valerie Block of Craines New York Business, she states that’s she wasn’t into the free and hazardous downloading sites and projects (Block. 2007. ) But as iTunes turned out to be so well known, she appreciated the simplicity of â€Å"†¦Buying singles for 99 pennies and collections for 10 bucks. † Like Block, numerous purchasers don’t appreciate forking over right around twenty dollars for a plate of material when in truth all they need is one melody. Doug Morris, who is the head of Universal Music Group, needs to-as said by Block-â€Å"weaken the four-year-old e-posterior's (iTunes’) grasp on computerized music deals. (Square. 2007. ) Just as there are individuals who have an affectionate assessment about downloading music for nothing, there are additionally individuals who accept that projects like iTunes are removing the significance of the whole bit of material by simply downloading single tracks. Actually, as somebody who has been downloading music from both iTunes and Ares Pro, I neglect to perceive any reason why it would influence the craftsman in such a way. As far as anyone is concerned, all the craftsman thinks about is the open door for their fans to make the most of their material and furthermore to have the option to make a benefit from it. Square, who is an enthusiastic iTunes downloader states that rapper turned business head honcho Jay-Z has would not placed his most recent work in the iTunes store. (Square. 2007. ) The rapper who just discharged a subject C. D. called American Gangster dependent on the topic of the film highlighting Denzel Washington, expressed in the article, â€Å"his collection ought to be bought completely, similar to, state, a Picasso†. (qtd. in Block. ) The issue of downloading programs legitimateness has-as I would see it been made a huge deal about from various perspectives. These endeavors don’t do anything for the craftsmen, as they are denying the purchasers an opportunity to appreciate the material that the craftsman have buckled down for them to appreciate. Moreover, who is the chronicle business joking, regardless of the measure of downloads that go on in a day, craftsmen still bring in cash. Between each time a melody is played on the radio, played as a notice stunt in the following Pantene business, displaying gigs and appearances and different business supports they are getting more cash than numerous individuals. Further more, the RIAA just is by all accounts irecting their line of downloading preference to the projects that are in the front, both ignoring the less famous projects, for example, Bear Share and online discussions that offer the two tracks off the most recent reduced circles just as the plate completely. As a test to the RIAA and specialists like Jay-Z, an adjustment in pricy bits of material ought to be investigated to mai ntain a strategic distance from both the issue of legitimateness in downloading just as the issue of accounts among the craftsmen. Works refered to Arney, Juliane. â€Å"Become a music ace: this is what you have to think about downloading music for the web. Thought Health and Fitness Source 22. 5 (May 2004): 63(3). Scholarly OneFile. Hurricane. Albertus Magnus College. 5 Dec. 2007 . Crawford, Kate. â€Å"Adaptation: following the ecologies of music and distributed systems. † Media International Australia fusing Culture and Policy 114 (Feb 2005): 30(10). Scholarly OneFile. Storm. Albertus Magnus College. 5 Dec. 2007 . Siegfried, Robert M. â€Å"Student Attitudes on Software Piracy and Related Issues of Computer Ethics. (Creator theoretical). † Ethics and Information Technology 6. 4 (Dec 2004): 215(8). Scholastic OneFile. Storm. Albertus Magnus College. Dec. 2007 . Grins, Robin V. â€Å"Technology's advantages and disadvantages. † Black Issues in Higher Education 21. 2 (March 11, 2004): 4(1). Scholastic OneFile. Storm. Albertus Magnus College. 5 Dec. 2007 http://find. galegroup. com/itx/recover. do? contentSet=IAC-Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28KE%2CNone%2C11%29downloading%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28TX%2CNone%2C18%29downloading+music+%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&searchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&searchId=R2&currentPosition=41&userGroupName=27001&docId=A114697869&docType=IAC

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Question: Examine about the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Answer: Tolerant Protection and Affordable Care Act This article fundamentally looks at the medical coverage inclusion emergency that kickbacks the medicinal services changes, imagined by Obamas Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Proceeding with the social insurance benefits ensured by the Act is fundamental to secure the interests of the 10 million Americans, who live beneath the destitution line. Since nurture experts assume the key job in conveying financially savvy quality consideration, their intercessions and reflections are critical in social insurance enactments. The accomplishment of Obamas social insurance changes relies upon nursing backing as it impacts the patient human services choices. Improving the nursing training will make successful initiative, which will serve the patients and medical caretakers, the same (Morton, 2016). Reference Morton, J. (2016). Medicinal services law works better in states that help it. Tribune Washington Bureau. Recovered September 16, 2016 from https://www.omaha.com/livewellnebraska/wellbeing/human services law-works-better-in-states-that-support-it/article_28b0bc53-ece0-55e5-9e2e-f0141c389293.html

EasyGroup Business Model Analysis

EasyGroup Business Model Analysis The easyGroup is the proprietor of the simple brand and licenses it to the entirety of the simple marked organizations, including easyJet plc, the aircraft Stelios began in 1995 and in which he remains the biggest single investor. Simple Group brands incorporate simple Car, simple Cinema, simple Hotel, simple Internet cafã ©, simple Pizza, and simple Value. Carrier easyJet is presently traded on an open market, yet easyGroup holds a stake in the organization. The simple recipe requires buyer arranged organizations that show critical value versatility, require a high fixed-cost base and low minimal expense to support extra clients. Ventures with solid yet smug officeholders are especially appropriate for the easyGroup approach. Simple Group is thinking about its entrance into the film show business in the UK through the dispatch of a no nonsense film. The organization accepts that it can redeploy the abilities, for example, yield the board, that prompted the accomplishment of easyJet, its minimal effort aircraft business, into this new pursuit. The case inspects the market for film in the UK, just as the development of Easy Groups arrangement of organizations, with the end goal of surveying the appeal of the companys arranged dispatch of simple Cinema. How might you portray the easyGroup plan of action? Aã‚â business modelã‚â describes theã‚â rationaleã‚â of how anã‚â organizationã‚â creates, conveys, and catches valueã‚â and it catches financial and social variables. The procedure of plan of action configuration is a piece of business technique. In principle and practice the term plan of action is utilized for a wide scope of casual and formal depictions to speak to center parts of aã‚â business, including reason, contributions, procedures, framework, authoritative structures, exchanging rehearses, and operational procedures and strategies. (A. Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Alan Smith, 2010) Theã‚â easy business modelã‚â has aã‚â key highlight: clear offer the simple idea is toã‚â bring modest and effective administrations to most clients. As an answer a Web-based booking and organization framework was based on Microsoft Windows Server 2003 that can be immediately adjusted for various online endeavors. This profited the organization with quick time to market of new undertakings, minimal effort of possession, handily imitated for some new pursuits and exceptionally secure and dependable. Simple Group has become a significant hatchery for new organizations which, while sharing the simple brand, will each be independent organizations. As opposed to building an aggregate, Stelios is transforming easyGroup into a system of associations connected by brand and picture instead of vital goal or reason. The making of easyGroup in 1998 was a sign that Stelios proposed to evaluate this idea. The name simple itself clarifies quite a bit of easyGroups way to deal with new pursuits, which one official depicts as taking a convoluted business and making it basic. Innovation arrangements assume a significant job in this, however key to the simple way of thinking is yield the board. The gathering searches for organizations where there is significant expense flexibility, high fixed cost bases and low minor expenses and, particularly, where occupant firms have become self-satisfied and are not set up for the appearance of dynamic new participants. By propelling and developing new organizations rapidly, easyGroup means to win piece of the overall industry from these occupants through a blend of minimal effort and simple to-get to administrations. The Easy model gives to the client utilitarian administrations at the most reduced conceivable cost, based on the genuine estimation of the nuts and bolts of the offered support, maintaining a strategic distance from any unnecessary laces. The Easy gathering separates a standard assistance, just keeps things that are totally required by the shopper and give it to him at the most reduced value considering the time they get it. The time is one of the most present significant thing in these days administrations. As Stelios Hajiloannou, Easy gathering CEO, said Easy is an utilitarian brand. In any industry where customers are being ripped off, if Stelios can figure out how to give them genuine worth, he states he will do it. On Easy gathering side, the model makes an enormous turnover as it tempts a great deal of shoppers, because of the explicitness of the model and the promoting of the brand. Direct edge are low as the model gives low costs however this is repaid by the enhancement of the running fixed expenses thank to the Yield the board switch. The model is involved varieties of turnover by proposing appealing costs on openings where contenders use to fail to meet expectations. As Stelios H. centers around exceptionally utilized enterprises, the extra turnover produced on those bizarre spaces is right around a net advantage that repays the lower edges on different deals. Our plan of action, in light of ease and accommodation, has indicated its adaptability. EasyGroups brand implies ease items, no nonsense administrations, cost-and time-touchy structures that offer an incentive in return for some burden. That is the incongruity. The easyGroup brand isn't really a simple one to manage. So, the brand just proposals to make ordinary things more affordable by changing the plans of action not spectacular or creative, yet legitimate. Simple Group model clearly lessens the operational multifaceted nature and upkeep cost, which permits them to undermine their opposition. The entirety of the simple gathering organizations offer a similar class of administrations utilizing normalized parts, regardless of whether it is one kind of plane or one sort of vehicle model. Because of the cutting edge innovation utilized that helped the easyGroup to prompt development, it helped advance the plans of action and the practices which really affected the people groups life. As I would like to think without the web arrangement, the simple model wouldnt be as effective as it may be, and would totally lose its fundamental premise of working. Web makes this plan of action a unique one, with a youthful and available picture. The simple model is a dependent on a self-serving framework, which is on the whole given by the web arrangement. The web framework permits fix expenses to be maintained a strategic distance from by dealing with the planning, valuing, booking, installment and different parts of the business and redistributing to the client. It is the main way the organization can apply its idea for additional individuals. Web makes the offer accessible to nearly everybody all over, at whatever second. Consistent with its ease, no nonsense plan of action, easyCinema doesn't offer popcorn and beverages to film goers. For the individuals who wish to treat themselves in such joys, they need to bring their own food along. Trailers and promotions are curtailed to bring down the expenses of working the film. How might you portray easyGroups development methodologies regarding the Ansoff network? As per the Ansoffs Matrix there are four development methodologies that an organization could extend. These development procedures are Market infiltration, Product improvement, advertise advancement and Diversification. Taking a gander at easyGroup case it shows that the organization was following a broadening technique however that it utilizes the other development methodologies also and this will be talked about further underneath. ANSOFF MATRIX Existing Products New Products Existing Markets Market infiltration Item Development New Markets Market Development Broadening (Johnson et al page 258) The Ansoff Matrix is utilized to concentrate on the easyGroup present status, items and markets (clients). Market Penetration:ÂÂ Easy bunch keeps on accomplishing development with its current items i.e offering types of assistance at absolute bottom costs. By following this business technique the piece of the pie keeps on developing. Market Development:ÂÂ Easy bunch is looking for development by focusing on its current items to new market portions. (Mintzberg H, Quinn J.B, Ghoshal S, 1998) For instance Easyjet is focusing on business explorers with its ease airfares and continuous trips to famous goals. The most ideal approach to accomplish this is by picking up contenders clients. Different ways incorporate pulling in non-clients of your item or persuading current customers to utilize a greater amount of your item/administration, with publicizing or different advancements. Market entrance is the least hazardous path for an organization to develop. Item Development:ÂÂ Easy gathering, especially Easyjet has developed by presenting new flight courses along these lines further building up its item extend. Diversification:ÂÂ Easy bunch is presenting new business thoughts for its current market portion, for example, simple Internetcafe, and the most recent endeavor income sans work. The AnsoffÂÂ Product-Market Growth Matrixã‚â is a promoting apparatus made byÂÂ Igor Ansoffã‚â and first distributed in quite a while article Strategies for Diversification in the Harvard Business Review (1957). The lattice permits advertisers to consider approaches to develop the business through existing or potentially new items, in existing or potentially new markets there are four potential item/showcase blends. This grid enables organizations to choose what game-plan ought to be taken given current execution. The grid delineates, specifically, that the component of hazard builds the further the procedure moves from known amounts the current item and the current market. The Easy Group began with the center movement of giving minimal effort trips to Europe. This is in this way its center business, and with more than 18 million travelers a year flying easyJet, the Easy Group expected to set up ways for the business to develop and grow. The Easy Group had kept on entering the current air transport showcase at low-costs flights; it likewise built up the market potential to incorporate a more prominent availability of easyJet trips by expanding the quantity of air terminals dealing with the travelers. While the flights are the center business in Easy Group, a reciprocal enhancement program was entered all together for a movement arrangement bundle is made accessible to meet the entire scope of clients needs a

Earthquake mothers sacrifice

Earthquake mothers sacrifice After the Earthquake had subsided, when the rescuers reached the ruins of a young woman’s house, they saw her dead body through the cracks. But her pose was somehow strange that she knelt on her knees like a person was worshiping; her body was leaning forward and her two hands were supporting an object. The collapsed house had crashed her back and her head.With many difficulties, the leader of the rescuer team put his hand through a narrow gap on the wall to reach the woman’s body. He was hoping that this woman could still be alive. However, the cold and stiff body told him that she had passed away. He and the rest of the team left this house and went to search the next collapsed building.For some reasons, the team leader was driven by a compelling force to go back to the ruin house of the dead woman. Again, he knelt down and used his hand through the narrow cracks to search the little space under the dead body. Suddenly, he screamed, A child! There is a child!The whole team wor ked together, carefully they removed the piles of ruined objects around the dead woman. There was a 3 months old little boy wrapped in a flowery blanket under his mother’s dead body. Obviously, the woman had made an ultimate sacrifice to save her son. When her house was falling, she used her body to make a cover to protect her son.The medical doctor came quickly to exam the little boy. After he opened the blanket, he saw a cell phone inside. There was a text message on the screen, it said: ”Dear baby, if you can live, always remember that I love you.”This story was claimed to be a true story. Whether it is true or not, we cant be wrong with mothers love and their sacrifices. We love you mothers!!!This story was submitted by Pawan Kumar. Pawan is our long time visitor, supporter and friend. Pawan also submitted another story back in 2009: One bedroom flat.

Successful Wal-Mart using Enterprise Resource Planning - 1100 Words

Successful Wal-Mart using Enterprise Resource Planning (Essay Sample) Content: Successful Wal-Mart using Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)NameInstitution Successful Wal-Mart using Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)The Reasons behind the Success of the Implementation Wal-Mart collaborated with SAP to acquire a customized system that was designed to meet the organizations specific needs. Firstly, SAP ensured that the software provided was compatible with the firms existing systems. In this way, Wal-Mart did not have to replace its entire systems because the majority of the existing software was in alignment with the ERP. Secondly, SAP did not implement the system in one-step. The implementation process was systematic which gave the firms employees an opportunity to familiarize itself with the functions of the system. Thirdly, SAP offered the necessary support to retailer's staff to learn advanced functionalities of the system that aid to formulating store execution, inventory optimization, merchandise planning, and pricing strategies (SAP, 2015). As a result, the management learns how to use the system to identify and eliminate any weaknesses in the business process. Unlike other ERP packages, Wal-Mart acquired a system that was customized to meet particular needs of the retail organization. For instance, the retailer emphasizes offering goods and services at subsidized prices, as such; the ERP monitors operations in all stores regardless of their locations to ensure that the prices are lower than those of the competition are. Moreover, the system deters managers from using experiences to impose costs that do not meet the organizations' standards. In this way, the firm ensures that all its clients achieve the retailers benefits. Wal-Mart has particular needs to address for different segments of the retail chain. Customers, suppliers, and various departments in the stores have varying needs that ought to be catered for at the right time (Choi, Chow, Liu, 2013). In this regard, the organizations ERP system is custom made to offer sector-specific services. Consequently, the system simplifies operations at the stores since every sector's needs are addressed appropriately. Ideally, the retailers ERP system supports the store system, which forms the basis of the organizations business process. It performs critical functions such as task management, loss prevention, replenishment and ordering, and inventory. Consequently, the system suits the needs of the organization (Choi, Chow, Liu, 2013). The firm acquired a system that was easy to configure according to the size of the organization. Costs of the ERP System The costs for the implementation of an ERP system are very high. At the same time, SAP, being a global leader in ERP system charges high installation fees as well maintenance fees. Although the actual details of the cost were never divulged, it is evident that Wal-Mart had to pay a large amount of money to secure the services given its investment in different countries across the world. Further, the retailer had to purchase new hardware appliances to replace the existing software because some of them were outdated. However, given that SAP charges standard annual fees that are independent of profits benefited Wal-Mart because of its high profitability (SAP, 2015). Problems/Limitations of the ERP System Although SAP offers support o all its clients, it does not provide customized technical support. In some instances, the Wal-Marts staff receives replies from the technical support team that does not address the organizations unique challenges. As a result, employees have to find solutions to their problems on their own despite the fact that the ERP system could have solved the problem mush easier. The system invokes serious security concerns; for instance, expecting a non-programmer to change the database on the fly poses challenges since the organization requires a track of all changes in the system. The non-professional could alter critical information that could lead to malfun ctions of the system. At the same time, ERP systems manage much data from the varying components, which challenges the enforcement of security protocols. Further, the ERP system is not as flexible as the users would have expected. In effect, it is difficult for the system to adapt to the particular business process and workflow (Choi, Chow, Liu, 2013). Consequently, the ERP system requires minute changes to provide customized processes to the firm. On the same note, the system does not align with all business processes. Subsequently, Wal-Mart had to change some of its business processes to agree with the standards of the ERP system. Innately, changes require resources to implement whereas some employees could be resistant to the necessary modifications. In the process, the business fails to meet its organizational goals, which has detrimental effects on performance. The system has a limited range for customization because the user ought to respect the agreement license (Qrunfleh, Tarafdar, 2014). Ideally, some of the processes require changes that are not allowed under the license, which in turn affects organizational performance and business processes negatively. Notably, employees need minimal training on how to use the ERP system. However, employees resistance to change and unwillingness to learn the new system affects their performance and that of the firm. Wal-Mart understands the ERP systems suffer from the weakest point where malfunctions on one of the departments affect the other parties. In essence, the system spans the entire organization, which means that all departments should be at their optimum to achieve the best results. Importantly, ERP aim to streamline organizational processes; consequently, the system incorporates all the organizations processes thus increasing the chances of problems from the weakest link effect (Ram, Corkindale, Wu, 2013). Essentially, the system requires absolute transparency between departments. Therefore, the unwi llingness to share information between departments affects the effectiveness of the system. Besides, Wal-Mart deals with different firms as suppliers; therefore, the system faces the challenges of incompatibility. In some instances, other partner companies could install the latest ERP systems, which are not compatible with Wal-Marts system (Qrunfleh, Tarafdar, 2014). As a result, the two entities fail to share information even though it is necessary to the success of the system. Information Processed by the ERP System Wal-Marts ERP system focuses on merchants who include clients and suppliers. Ideally, the retailer needs feedback from customers to learn of its weaknesses. Communication between clients and the firm's staff is critical to the success of the business. The information that the retailer receives from the clients covers a broad range of issues that include... Successful Wal-Mart using Enterprise Resource Planning - 1100 Words Successful Wal-Mart using Enterprise Resource Planning (Essay Sample) Content: Successful Wal-Mart using Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)NameInstitution Successful Wal-Mart using Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)The Reasons behind the Success of the Implementation Wal-Mart collaborated with SAP to acquire a customized system that was designed to meet the organizations specific needs. Firstly, SAP ensured that the software provided was compatible with the firms existing systems. In this way, Wal-Mart did not have to replace its entire systems because the majority of the existing software was in alignment with the ERP. Secondly, SAP did not implement the system in one-step. The implementation process was systematic which gave the firms employees an opportunity to familiarize itself with the functions of the system. Thirdly, SAP offered the necessary support to retailer's staff to learn advanced functionalities of the system that aid to formulating store execution, inventory optimization, merchandise planning, and pricing strategies (SAP, 2015). As a result, the management learns how to use the system to identify and eliminate any weaknesses in the business process. Unlike other ERP packages, Wal-Mart acquired a system that was customized to meet particular needs of the retail organization. For instance, the retailer emphasizes offering goods and services at subsidized prices, as such; the ERP monitors operations in all stores regardless of their locations to ensure that the prices are lower than those of the competition are. Moreover, the system deters managers from using experiences to impose costs that do not meet the organizations' standards. In this way, the firm ensures that all its clients achieve the retailers benefits. Wal-Mart has particular needs to address for different segments of the retail chain. Customers, suppliers, and various departments in the stores have varying needs that ought to be catered for at the right time (Choi, Chow, Liu, 2013). In this regard, the organizations ERP system is custom made to offer sector-specific services. Consequently, the system simplifies operations at the stores since every sector's needs are addressed appropriately. Ideally, the retailers ERP system supports the store system, which forms the basis of the organizations business process. It performs critical functions such as task management, loss prevention, replenishment and ordering, and inventory. Consequently, the system suits the needs of the organization (Choi, Chow, Liu, 2013). The firm acquired a system that was easy to configure according to the size of the organization. Costs of the ERP System The costs for the implementation of an ERP system are very high. At the same time, SAP, being a global leader in ERP system charges high installation fees as well maintenance fees. Although the actual details of the cost were never divulged, it is evident that Wal-Mart had to pay a large amount of money to secure the services given its investment in different countries across the world. Further, the retailer had to purchase new hardware appliances to replace the existing software because some of them were outdated. However, given that SAP charges standard annual fees that are independent of profits benefited Wal-Mart because of its high profitability (SAP, 2015). Problems/Limitations of the ERP System Although SAP offers support o all its clients, it does not provide customized technical support. In some instances, the Wal-Marts staff receives replies from the technical support team that does not address the organizations unique challenges. As a result, employees have to find solutions to their problems on their own despite the fact that the ERP system could have solved the problem mush easier. The system invokes serious security concerns; for instance, expecting a non-programmer to change the database on the fly poses challenges since the organization requires a track of all changes in the system. The non-professional could alter critical information that could lead to malfun ctions of the system. At the same time, ERP systems manage much data from the varying components, which challenges the enforcement of security protocols. Further, the ERP system is not as flexible as the users would have expected. In effect, it is difficult for the system to adapt to the particular business process and workflow (Choi, Chow, Liu, 2013). Consequently, the ERP system requires minute changes to provide customized processes to the firm. On the same note, the system does not align with all business processes. Subsequently, Wal-Mart had to change some of its business processes to agree with the standards of the ERP system. Innately, changes require resources to implement whereas some employees could be resistant to the necessary modifications. In the process, the business fails to meet its organizational goals, which has detrimental effects on performance. The system has a limited range for customization because the user ought to respect the agreement license (Qrunfleh, Tarafdar, 2014). Ideally, some of the processes require changes that are not allowed under the license, which in turn affects organizational performance and business processes negatively. Notably, employees need minimal training on how to use the ERP system. However, employees resistance to change and unwillingness to learn the new system affects their performance and that of the firm. Wal-Mart understands the ERP systems suffer from the weakest point where malfunctions on one of the departments affect the other parties. In essence, the system spans the entire organization, which means that all departments should be at their optimum to achieve the best results. Importantly, ERP aim to streamline organizational processes; consequently, the system incorporates all the organizations processes thus increasing the chances of problems from the weakest link effect (Ram, Corkindale, Wu, 2013). Essentially, the system requires absolute transparency between departments. Therefore, the unwi llingness to share information between departments affects the effectiveness of the system. Besides, Wal-Mart deals with different firms as suppliers; therefore, the system faces the challenges of incompatibility. In some instances, other partner companies could install the latest ERP systems, which are not compatible with Wal-Marts system (Qrunfleh, Tarafdar, 2014). As a result, the two entities fail to share information even though it is necessary to the success of the system. Information Processed by the ERP System Wal-Marts ERP system focuses on merchants who include clients and suppliers. Ideally, the retailer needs feedback from customers to learn of its weaknesses. Communication between clients and the firm's staff is critical to the success of the business. The information that the retailer receives from the clients covers a broad range of issues that include...

The Hill District of Pittsburgh - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1392 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Fences Essay Did you like this example? The Hill District of Pittsburgh, which was a prosperous black majority city that culminated a lot of art and music and a beautiful life, went through the urban renewal of 1960 lost all its glory and became poor community and the racial segregation and profiling took its peak causing black people to feel underserving and lived to only eat and put a roof on their heads (Gottlieb, 1996). Fences, a play written by August Wilson about a black community, can be mirrored with the life of the African American community of the Hill District of Pittsburgh in many ways. In Fences August Wilson mentions that Tory is going through racial segregation at his work place, in the him and his friend Bono, both being African Americans, work as garbage collectors and the white people are assigned the job driving the garbage trucks. This is the same as the racial segregation that occurs with the white-collar jobs that the white people owned and the low-profile jobs that were being assigned to the people of the Hill District in the 1960s. Baseball is a game that has been shown to be of great importance in the Hills District of Pittsburgh in the 1950s. Grenlee Field was a black owned baseball stadium and home to the Pittsburgh Crawfords of the Negro League. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Hill District of Pittsburgh" essay for you Create order It had great baseball players who were celebrated in their own time such as Josh Gibson and Satchel Paige and this was part of the great history of Pittsburgh. (Eberhardt, 2008) This same situation is depicted in the play Fences as he illustrates that Troy was a good baseball player and he played for the Negro League as well until he became old enough not to play anymore. His son Cory is also seen to be an aspiring baseball player during his time in college but unfortunately his father does not give the chance he deserved. The Hills District of Pittsburgh was well known for its great music and jazz was one of the most prosperous pieces of art the it possessed. The city produced jazz giants in its prime time like Lena Horne, Art Blakely and Errol Garner. They played at a jazz club called Crawford Grill that was owned by a black man named Gus Greenlee. Folks gathered there for a great time and appreciating music and more so socializing with one another. In Wild Avenue Days, the Hill District was known to be the most prosperous and influential black community in America. in the play Fences, there is an illustration of the existence of music played at the Crawford Grill. Lyon, Troys eldest son, aspires to be a musician and wants to make a name for himself by playing music and is seen to be determined so and is focusing on his goal and making it a reality. He keeps coming to his father to borrow money to support his career which he terms it to be a promising one and of the purposes of his life. So in this case we see that the play is depicting the Hill Districts music history and the way jazz was the pride of the people of Pittsburgh. After the assassination of Martin Luther King jr there was an uproar in America and this created racial tension and strife between the white and the black people. This also affected the people of Pittsburgh and soon afterwards there was the urban renewal age of the city in 1960. This caused the displacement of more than 8000 residents and 400 businesses in the area. Crime and poverty became the new form of life and this destroyed the greatness pf the city. In the play Fences by August Wilson it is shown that the locale had lost its glory and that the once rich people were overridden with poverty. Troy; I saw Josh Gibsons daughter yesterday. She walking around with raggedy shoes on her feet. This statement proves enough of the once great people of the area reduced to nothing and all their glory and wealth lost. Once more the play mirrors the situation in Pittsburgh perfectly and therefore it creates a picture of the people of Pittsburgh in mind. In other situations, the play Fences by August Wilson does not give an accurate depiction of the Hill District. The economic situation in the Hills District back the was thriving on the production of steel with steel mills for world war 1. This increased demand for labor among men and was the source to a better life. However, the play shows that for better life people in the area were working and earning from different sources. Troy and Bono are seen to be garbage collectors and later on Troy is promoted to be a truck driver and this for him is the true definition of having a better life. There is also the fact that the people of Pittsburgh had a radio, a weekly newspaper, a college of beauty culturists and thriving art which led to Pittsburgh being known as the little Harlem and was a mecca of art and culture. (Bodner 1900-1960 ) This is not seen in the setting where Troy and his family lived as the play was illustrated therefore its evident enough to say that the play is not a true depiction of the life of the Hill District. The play Fences gives a scenery of imprisonment in many ways such a s literal ones and symbolic ones. It is seen that the main character, Troy, is jailed once in his lifetime for 15years due to robbery, assault and a murder he wasnt sure he committed. This shapes the characters behavior and molds him into the person he would become when he grew up. During his time in prison he developed two characters that shaped his life. One was that he grew to be a good baseball player and he aspired a career because of that and continued to play even after prison but his career was cut short because of racial profiling and his age causing him to hate baseball. The second one was a shortcoming which he learnt during his time in penitentiary and that was to push people away from and not have real emotions and attachments to people. He does not love his wife and mistreats his son and everyone around him all because of the detachment he has felt during his time in prison. This behavior is also contributed by the way his father mistreated him while growing up. The characteristic behavior shown by the main character due to his time in prison can be attributed to people who have gone through slavery. Slavery and imprisonment can be the identical and different at the same time in that convicts have a form of liberty and this is seen with Troy who becomes a good baseball player all while he is in prison and this couldnt have been possible if he was in enslavement. Slaves had owners and their every move was measured and watched making liberty a forgotten tale to them. There is also the part of emotional detachment of the victims of slavery and imprisonment. This is seen to be of a greater similarity as the people are going through a time where freedom is much less of a subject and forming attachments might lead to heartbreaks and losses they are not ready for. This might explain the irrational behavior of Troys father towards his women and children because he might have been a slave who has seen nothing but cruelty his whole life. Troy was taken as a prisoner because of robbery and breaking the law and in a way it can be said that he deserved it but that cant be said with slaves since they did no wrong and being enslaved is against their will and is unjust since they have no freedom until they are bought by another master but thats not the case seen with prisoners as they serve their time and gain their freedom once the given time lapses. References. Bodnar, J. E., Simon, R., Weber, M. P. (1983). Lives of their own: Blacks, Italians, and Poles in Pittsburgh, 1900-1960 (Vol. 286). University of Illinois Press. Eberhardt, M. (2008). The low-back merger in the steel city: African American English in Pittsburgh. American speech, 83(3), 284-311. Gottlieb, P. (1996). Making Their Own Way: Southern Blacks Migration to Pittsburgh, 1916-30 (Vol. 82). University of Illinois Press.

Gender, Gender And Gender Discrimination - 1303 Words

Over the ages men have always dominated the workforce since it was their humane trait to provide for their families. It wasn’t until Florence Nightingale revolutionized the field of nursing by affirming the natural feminine qualities of care, nurture and gentle. The U.S. is experiencing a slow but steady increase of men within the nursing profession (Evans, 1997); however, integrating masculine and feminine roles still poses a big problem. Male nurses consist 9.6% of the nursing population, precipitating gender inequity (MacWilliams, Schmidt, Bleich, 2013; U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). Unfortunately male nurses have become victims of discriminatory stereotypes which deter the recruitment of males into the profession (Meyers, 2003; O’Lynn, 2004; Rajacich, Kane, Williston, Cameron, 2013). Barriers of equality are impeded by the historical origin of modern nursing and to achieve integration in a feminine dominated field remodeling nursing to include equality for both gender s. Selecting this particular nursing issue was a very dear topic to me since I constitute the gender minority within my nursing class. Prior to researching this topic I had evaluated my reason to become a nurse and found that I too struggled to deal with society’s role acceptance as a male nurse. Nursing was not my primary career choice however after evaluating my career options while factoring marriage I arrived at nursing. It was not easy telling my friends and family of my plan to become nurse, knowingShow MoreRelatedGender Equality And Gender Discrimination1429 Words   |  6 PagesGender equality has been actively sought out for, chiefly by women, throughout history with a goal to establish equal rights and opportunities among all genders. While extensive progress has been achieved towards women’s rights throughout the twentieth century, women continue to experience gender discrimination on a daily basis. 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Biography of Robert Fulton, Inventor of the Steamboat

Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765—February 24, 1815) was an American inventor and engineer who is best known for his role in developing the first commercially successful steamboat. America’s rivers opened to commercial trade and passenger transportation after Fultons steamboat, the Clermont, made its maiden voyage along the Hudson River in 1807. Fulton is also credited with inventing the Nautilus, one of the world’s first practical submarines. Fast Facts: Robert Fulton Known for: Developed the first commercially successful steamboatBorn: November 14, 1765 in Little Britain, PennsylvaniaParents: Robert Fulton, Sr. and Mary Smith FultonDied: February 24, 1815 in New York City, New YorkPatents: US Patent: 1,434X, Constructing boats or vessels which are to be navigated by the power of steam engines Awards and Honors: National Inventors Hall of Fame (2006)Spouse: Harriet LivingstonChildren: Robert Fulton, Julia Fulton, Mary Fulton, and Cornelia Fulton Early Life Robert Fulton was born on November 14, 1765, to Irish immigrant parents, Robert Fulton, Sr. and Mary Smith Fulton. The family lived on a farm in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, which was then still a British American colony. He had three sisters—Isabella, Elizabeth, and Mary—and a younger brother, Abraham. After their farm was foreclosed on and sold in 1771, the family moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Though he had been taught to read and write at home, Fulton attended a Quaker school in Lancaster at age eight. He then worked in a Philadelphia jewelry shop, where his skill at painting miniature portraits for lockets inspired the young Fulton to pursue a career as an artist. Fulton remained single until age 43 when in 1808, he married Harriet Livingston, the niece of his steamboat business partner, Robert R. Livingston. The couple had a son and three daughters together. From Artist to Inventor In 1786, Fulton moved to Bath, Virginia, where his portraits and landscapes were so well-appreciated that his friends urged him to study art in Europe. Fulton returned to Philadelphia, where he hoped his paintings would attract a sponsor. Impressed by his art, and hoping to improve the city’s cultural image, a group of local merchants paid Fulton’s fare to London in 1787. Though he was popular and well-received in England, Fulton’s paintings never earned him more than a meager living. At the same time, he had taken note of a series of recent inventions that propelled a boat with a paddle, which was moved back-and-forth by jets of water heated by a steam boiler. It occurred to Fulton that using steam to power several connected rotating paddles would move the boat more effectively—an idea he would later famously develop as the paddlewheel. By 1793, Fulton had approached both the British and United States governments with plans for steam-powered military and commercial vessels. In 1794, Fulton abandoned his career as an artist to turn to the very different, but potentially more profitable area of designing inland waterways. In his 1796 pamphlet, Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation, he proposed combining existing rivers with a network of manmade canals to connect towns and cities throughout England. He also envisioned methods for raising and lowering boats without the need for costly mechanical lock-and-dam complexes, specially-designed steamboats for carrying heavy cargo in shallow water, and designs for more stable bridges. While the British showed no interest in his canal network plan, Fulton succeeded in inventing a canal dredging machine and obtaining British patents for several other related inventions. The Nautilus Submarine Not daunted by England’s lack of enthusiasm for his canal ideas, Fulton remained dedicated to building a career as an inventor. In 1797, he went to Paris, where he approached the French government with an idea for a submarine he believed would help France in its ongoing war with England. Fulton suggested a scenario in which his submarine, the Nautilus, would maneuver undetected beneath British warships, where it could attach explosive charges to their hulls. â€Å"Should some vessels of war be destroyed by means so novel, so hidden and so incalculable the confidence of the seamen will vanish and the fleet rendered useless from the moment of the first terror.† —Robert Fulton, 1797 Considering the use of Fulton’s Nautilus submarine to be a cowardly and dishonorable way to fight, both the French government and Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte refused to subsidize its construction. After another failed attempt to sell the idea, Fulton was granted permission by the French Minister of Marine to build the Nautilus. Robert Fulton’s submarine Nautilus. Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain The first tests of the Nautilus were conducted on July 29, 1800, in the River Seine at Rouen. Based on the success of the trial dives, Fulton was granted permission to build a revised model of the Nautilus. Tested on July 3, 1801, Fulton’s improved Nautilus reached a then-remarkable depth of 25 feet (7.6 m) carrying a crew of three and remaining submerged for over four hours. Fulton’s Nautilus was eventually used in two attacks against British ships blockading a small harbor near Cherbourg. However, due to winds and tides, the British ships eluded the slower submarine. Designing the Steamboat In 1801, Fulton met then-U.S. ambassador to France Robert R. Livingston, a member of the committee that had drafted the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Before Livingston had come to France, his home state of New York had granted him the exclusive right to operate and profit from steamboat navigation on rivers within the state for a period of 20 years. Fulton and Livingston agreed to partner up in order to build a steamboat. On August 9, 1803, the 66-foot-long boat that Fulton designed was tested on the River Seine in Paris. Although the French-designed eight-horsepower steam engine broke the hull, Fulton and Livingston were encouraged that the boat had reached a speed of 4 miles per hour against the current. Fulton started designing a stronger hull and ordered parts for a 24-horsepower engine. Livingston also negotiated an extension of his New York steamboat navigation monopoly. In 1804, Fulton returned to London, where he tried to interest the British government on his design for a semi-submersible, steam-powered warship. However, after British Admiral Nelson’s decisive defeat of the French fleet at Trafalgar in 1805, the British government decided it could maintain its then undisputed mastery of the seas without Fulton’s unconventional and unproven steamships. At this point, Fulton was close to poverty, having spent so much of his own money on the Nautilus and his early steamboats. He decided to return to the United States. The Steamboat Clermont In December 1806, Fulton and Robert Livingston reunited in New York to resume work on their steamboat. By early August 1807, the boat was ready for its maiden voyage. The 142-foot-long, 18-foot-wide steamboat used Fulton’s innovative a one-cylinder, 19-horsepower condensing steam engine to drive two 15-foot-diameter paddlewheels, one on each side of the boat. On August 17, 1807, Fulton and Livingston’s North River Steamboat—later known as the Clermont—began its trial voyage up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. A crowd gathered to watch the event, but the onlookers expected the steamboat to fail. They jeered at the ship, which they called Fultons Folly. The ship stalled at first, leaving Fulton and his crew scrambling for a solution. A half-hour later, the steamboats paddlewheels were turning again, moving the ship steadily forward against the Hudson’s current. Averaging nearly 5 miles per hour, the steamboat completed the 150-mile trip in just 32 hours, compared to the four days required by conventional sailing ships. The downstream return trip was completed in just 30 hours. Clermont, the first steam ship, designed by Robert Fulton, 1807. Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images In a letter to a friend, Fulton wrote of the historic event, â€Å"I had a light breeze against me the whole way, both going and coming, and the voyage has been performed wholly by the power of the steam engine. I overtook many sloops and schooners, beating to the windward, and parted with them as if they had been at anchor. The power of propelling boats by steam is now fully proved.† With the addition of additional sleeping berths and other improvements, Fulton’s North River Steamboat began scheduled service on September 4, 1807, carrying passengers and light freight between New York and Albany on the Hudson River. During its initial season of service, the North River Steamboat suffered repeated mechanical problems, caused mainly by the captains of rival sail-powered boats who accidentally† rammed its exposed paddlewheels. During the winter of 1808, Fulton and Livingston added metal guards around the paddlewheels, improved the passenger accommodations, and re-registered the steamboat under the name North River Steamboat of Clermont—soon shortened to simply Clermont. By 1810, the Clermont and two new Fulton-designed steamboats were providing regular passenger and freight service on New York’s Hudson and Raritan rivers. The New Orleans Steamboat From 1811 to 1812, Fulton, Livingston, and fellow inventor and entrepreneur Nicholas Roosevelt entered into a new joint venture. They planned to build steamboat capable of traveling from Pittsburgh to New Orleans, a journey of over 1,800 miles through the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. They named the steamboat New Orleans. Just eight years after the United States acquired the Louisiana Territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase, the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers were still largely unmapped and unprotected. The route from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Cairo, Illinois, on the Ohio River required the steamboat to navigate the treacherous â€Å"Falls of the Ohio† near Louisville, Kentucky—a 26-foot elevation drop in about one mile.   Route of the maiden voyage of the steamboat New Orleans. Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain The New Orleans steamboat left Pittsburgh on October 20, 1811, and arrived in New Orleans on January 18, 1812. While the trip down the Ohio River was uneventful, navigating the Mississippi River proved a challenge. On December 16, 1811, the great New Madrid earthquake, centered near New Madrid, Missouri, altered the position of previously-mapped river landmarks, such as islands and channels, making navigation difficult. In many places, trees downed by the earthquake formed dangerous, constantly moving â€Å"snags† in the river channel that blocked the ships path.  Ã‚   The successful—albeit harrowing—first voyage of Fulton’s New Orleans proved that steamboats could survive the numerous perils to navigation on America’s western rivers. Within a decade, Fulton-inspired steamboats would be serving as the main means of passenger and freight transportation throughout America’s heartland. First Steam-Powered Warship When the English navy began to blockade U.S. ports during the War of 1812,  Fulton was hired by the U.S. government to design what would become the world’s first steam-powered warship: the Demologos. Essentially a floating, mobile gun battery, Fulton’s 150-foot-long Demologos featured two parallel hulls with its paddle wheel protected between them. With its steam engine in one hull and its boiler in the other, the heavily armed, armor-clad vessel weighed in at a hefty 2,745 displacement tons, thus limiting it to a tactically dangerous slow speed of about 7 miles-per-hour. Though it underwent successful sea trials during October 1814, the Demologos was never used in battle. Robert Fulton’s steam-powered warship Demologos. Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain When peace came in 1815, the U.S. Navy decommissioned the Demologos. The ship made its last voyage under its own power in 1817, when it carried President James Monroe from New York to Staten Island. After its steam engines were removed in 1821, it was towed to the Brooklyn Navy Yard, where it served as a receiving ship until it was accidentally destroyed by an explosion in 1829. Later Life and Death From 1812 until his death in 1815, Fulton spent most of his time and money engaged in legal battles protecting his steamboat patents. A series of failed submarine designs, bad investments in art, and never-repaid loans to relatives and friends further depleted his savings. In early 1815, Fulton was soaked with icy water while rescuing a friend who had fallen through the ice while walking on the frozen Hudson River. Suffering a severe chill, Fulton contracted pneumonia and died on February 24, 1815, at age 49 in New York City. He is buried in the Trinity Episcopal Church Cemetery on Wall Street in New York City. Upon learning of Fulton’s death, both houses of the New York State legislature voted to wear black mourning clothes for the next six weeks—the first time such a tribute had ever been paid to a private citizen. Legacy and Honors By enabling affordable and dependable transportation of raw materials and finished goods, Fulton’s steamboats proved essential to the American industrial revolution. Along with ushering in the romantic era of luxurious riverboat travel, Fulton’s boats contributed significantly to America’s westward expansion. In addition, his developments in the area of steam-powered warships would help the United States Navy become a dominant military power. To date, five U.S. Navy ships have born the name USS Fulton. Robert Fulton 5 cent United States commemorative postage stamp. Getty Images Today, Fulton’s statue is among those displayed in the National Statuary Hall Collection inside the U.S. Capitol. At the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Fulton Hall houses the Department of Marine Engineering. Along with telegraph inventor Samuel F. B. Morse, Fulton is depicted on the reverse of the 1896 United States $2 Silver Certificate. In 2006, Fulton was inducted into the â€Å"National Inventors Hall of Fame† in Alexandria, Virginia. Sources Dickinson, H. W. â€Å"Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist: His Life and Works.† University Press of the Pacific, 1913.Sutcliffe, Alice Crary. â€Å"Robert Fulton and The Clermont.† The Century Co., 1909.Latrobe, John H.B. â€Å"A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steamboat.† Maryland Historical Society, 1871, http://www.myoutbox.net/nr1871b.htm Przybylek, Leslie. â€Å"The Incredible Journey of the Steamboat New Orleans.† Senator John Heinz History Center, October 18, 2017, https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/western-pennsylvania-history/the-incredible-journey-of-the-steamboat-new-orleans. Canney, Donald L. â€Å"The Old Steam Navy, Volume One: Frigates, Sloops, and Gunboats 1815-1885.† Naval Institute Press, 1990.

Comparative Analysis Of The Press And Its Role On Civil...

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This can be attributed to the two varying types of governments present within the two countries, China ruling through a communist state and Japan enforcing a parliamentary governm ent with a constitutional monarchy. Freedom of the press is directly related to government institutions and reflective of democratic principles because it allows for the truth to be exposed, without fear of repercussions. Under a system that allows for free press, it is much harder to conceal violations of civil liberties and human rights, because of the ability to freely accuse and hold the government accountable for its actions. InShow MoreRelatedBuilding A More Just Society2470 Words   |  10 Pages Final Paper Building a More Just Society The Role of the Judiciary Cynthia Dolin SOC312: Child Family Society Instructor: Joe Niehaus August 17, 2014. Building a More Just Society The Role of the Judiciary The Judicial Branch is one of three equal branches of the United States government. 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Contact (Call) Center Managers Free Essays

1. What lessons are there from these two examples for contact (call) center managers? Services are different from manufacturing, with the key service difference being the interaction of the customer in the delivery process. Service design is no longer considered to be an art form as logical approaches to better design and management of service systems are emerging. We will write a custom essay sample on Contact (Call) Center Managers? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a facilities-based service, the customer must go to the service facility. In contrast, in a field-based service, the production and consumption of the service takes place in the customer’s environment. Internal services refer to services required to support the activities of the larger organization. There is a blurring of manufacturing and service firms since the manufacturer product always has a certain percentage of service content. Services are also seen as the next source of competitive advantage for firms. In services we also consider the amount of customer contact or the physical presence of the customer in the system. Service systems range from those with a high degree of customer contact to those with a low degree of customer contact. Service encounters can be configured in a number of different ways. The service-system design matrix includes six common alternatives. Flowcharting, like in manufacturing process design, is the standard tool for service process design. The flowchart, or service blueprint, emphasizes the importance of design. Poka-yoke systems applied to services prevent mistakes from becoming service defects. Approaches to services include the production line approach, the self-service approach, and the personal attention approach. Service guarantees are not only a marketing tool for services but, from an operations perspective, these guarantees can be used as an improvement incentive and can focus the firm’s delivery system on things it must do well to satisfy the customer How to cite Contact (Call) Center Managers?, Papers

Enterobacter Aerogenes free essay sample

Your answer to this question should be in complete sentences and more than one paragraph. (10 pts) Enterobacter Aerogenes is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. This family includes E coli, salmonella, shigella and klebsiella. Enterobacter aerogenes primarily causes a nosocomial infection, which passes from one patient to another. Enterobacter aerogenes is a gram-negative (stains pink with the gram stain) bacteria. It is a small, rod-shaped bacteria that grown in smooth, round, white colonies. Enterobacter aerogenes is a universal bacterium in the environment, isolated naturally in soil, fresh water, vegetables, plants, dairy products, cosmetics, and human and animal feces. Enterobacter aerogenes can cause infections in many parts of the human body. It is often a cause of lower-respiratory infections, including pneumonia. It may also cause urinary tract infections, soft tissue infection, endocarditis, septic arthritis, and infections of the skin and underlying tissues. It may also cause wound infections. If the bacteria reach the blood it can lead to sepsis. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterobacter Aerogenes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Enterobacter aerogenes is commonly a hospital-acquired infection, especially of patients in the intensive-care unit or on mechanical ventilators. Other risk factors for infection include prior antibiotic, IVs or central lines, and burns. Enterobacter aerogenes more frequently affects newborns and the elderly. It typically does not occur in people who are otherwise healthy with opportunistic pathogen. It can be picked up by patients who are hospitalized, particularly in an intensive care unit. It can be picked up from contaminated surfaces. Enterobacter infection often causes an increased heart rate, rapid breathing and fever (occurring mainly in 80% of children and adults with Enterbacter bacteremia). Extreme cases can involve hypertension, shock, purpura fulminans (occurs mainly in babies and small children), and even death. Antimicrobial treatment is appropriate for almost all infections with Enterobacter aerogenes. Beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), which is treated for the urinary tract can all be effective treatments.

Direct Method in Foreign Language Teaching free essay sample

Direct method Innovation in foreign language teaching began in the 19th century and, very rapidly, in the 20th century, leading to a number of different methodologies, sometimes conflicting, each trying to be a major improvement over the last or other contemporary methods. The earliÐ µst applied linguists, such as Jean Manesca, Heinrich Gottfried Ollendorff (1803-1865), Henry Sweet (1845-1912), Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) and Harold Palmer (1877-1949) worked on setting principles and approaches based on linguistic and psychological theories, although they left many of the specific practical details for others to devise. The development of foreign language teaching is not linear. There have been two major branches in the field, empirical and theoretical, which have almost completely-separate histories, with each gaining ground over the other at one point in time or another. Examples of researchers on the empiricist side are Jesperson, Palmer, Leonard Bloomfield who promote mimicry and memorization with pattern drills. These methods follow from the basic empiricist position that language acquisition basically results from habits formed by conditioning and drilling. In its most extreme form, language learning is basically the same as any other learning in any other species, human language being essentially the same as communication behaviors seen in other species. On the other, are Francois Gouin, M. D. Berlitz, Elime de Sauze, whose rationalist theories of language acquisition dovetail with linguistic work done by Noam Chomsky and others. These have led to a wider variety of teaching methods from grammar-translation, to Gouins series method or the direct methods of Berlitz and de Sauze. With these methods, students generate original and meaningful sentences to gain a functional knowledge of the rules of grammar. This follows from the rationalist position that man is born to think and language use is a uniquely human trait impossible in other species. As a reaction to Grammar Translation Method (GTM) and under the influence of Phonetics (Sweet, 1877, 1899 and Jesperson, 1904), the reform movement began. This method of teaching was marked by the primacy of spoken language with the help of phonetically transcribed texts. The use of isolated sentences was replaced by coherent texts and the foreign language came to be used in class. In this time, people began to use phonetics in language teaching. The two strands of ‘reform’ and the ‘direct method’ came together in the work of Harold E. Palmer (1877–1949) who taught English along Berlitz lines in Belgium from 1902 until the German invasion in 1914. . He was then forced to return to London where he renewed an earlier contact with Daniel Jones (1881–1967) who had since become the head of the Phonetics Department at London University and was about to publish his famous English pronouncing dictionary (1917). The two worked together for nearly seven years (1915–22), during which time Palmer published a series of books, including â€Å"The scientific study and teaching of languages† (1917) and â€Å"The principles of language-study† (1921), which established a new approach to practical language pedagogy called the Oral Method, combining his classroom experience with the insights of modern phonetics. After 1918, a significant straw in the post-war wind was the decision of the Japanese government to reform English teaching in order to promote greater spoken fluency. They approached Palmer who accepted a position as a special advisor starting in 1922. The following year he was appointed as the Director of an Institute for Research in English Teaching (IRET) (1923–1936), where through both research and materials development, he helped to create a specialized profession which came to be known as ‘English language teaching’ (ELT) after the founding of a journal of that name in 1946 under the editorship of a close Tokyo colleague, A. S. Hornby. A second interwar development was the emergence of ‘English as a second language’ (later, ESL) to refer to educational contexts (initially colonial) where the language played a significant role in the learner’s environment. The phrase was first used in a research project in Bengal (modern Bangladesh) in the early 1920s which investigated the notion that reading was a more useful teaching objective than speaking in countries such as India. The key argument in the project report (1926) by the director Michael West (1888–1973) was that education should be bilingual, i. e. , the mother tongue should come first, but an international language such as English had a useful ‘secondary’ role to play, particularly in science and technology. This view grew in influence and after decolonization in the 1950s and 1960s it became the norm in countries where English was retained alongside the national language(s). ‘Second language’ was also used in ‘English-speaking countries’ such as the United States, the United Kingdom, etc. , to characterize the role of English among members of minority language communities. West’s report also contained practical suggestions for teaching materials that stressed the importance of vocabulary control, extending a research theme that was also present in the work of Palmer and others in Britain and America. In 1936, the investigation culminated in a so-called ‘general service list’ of the 2000 most useful words for reading materials in ELT (not published until 1953). There was also an ambitious attempt by C. K. Ogden (1889–1957) to create an ‘alternative language’ called Basic English (1930) by using only 850 words of ordinary English. It made a useful contribution to wartime teaching, but its long-term appeal was limited. The third and final thread in the development of ELT was the rising demand for English as a foreign language (EFL) in the United Kingdom itself during the 1930s, mainly from refugees from war-threatened Europe. After 1945, there was a pause until the1960s when TEFL began to grow fast. Out of these influences post-war ELT developed a recognizable approach of its own which stressed the importance of carefully graded texts containing the new grammar patterns, a limited vocabulary of frequent items and an oral method which presented the new items in ‘situations’ that made the meaning clear without having to translate too much. Work on language teaching also was done in the USA though in the tradition of Sapir and Blommfield. Language teaching in a large-scale way came up with ASTP (Army Specialized Training Program) that used the informant techniques of Bloomfield (1942). The method utilized dialogue memorization , patterned drills and other ‘habit’ formation exercises. This method was called ‘applied linguistics’ by 1948 when Language Learning – A Quarterly Journal of Applied Linguistics was published. Charles C. Fries established 3 months courses at his English Language Institute (ELI). His successor at ELI was Robert Lado. New technology adopted which name was Language Laboratory. and then relabeled as the Audio-Lingual Approach after Chomsky’s Transformational Grammar paradigm upgraded in the 1960’s as the Audio-Visual Approach. Towards the end of the late 1800s, a revolution in language teaching philosophy took place that is seen by many as the dawn of modern foreign language teaching. Teachers, frustrated by the limits of the Grammar Translation Method in terms of its inability to create communicative competence in students, began to experiment with new ways of teaching language. Basically, teachers began ttempting to teach foreign languages in a way that was more similar to first language acquisition. It incorporated techniques designed to address all the areas that the Grammar Translation did not namely oral communication, more spontaneous use of the language, and developing the ability to think in the target language. Perhaps in an almost reflexive action, the method also moved as far away as possible from various techniques typical of the Grammar Translation Method for instance using L1 as the language of instruction, memorizing grammatical rules and lots of translation between L1 and the target language. The appearance of the Direct Method thus coincided with a new school of thinking that dictated that all foreign language teaching should occur in the target language only, with no translation and an emphasis on linking meaning to the language being learned. The method became very popular during the first quarter of the 20th century, especially in private language schools in Europe where highly motivated students could study new languages and not need to travel far in order to try them out and apply them communicatively. One of the most famous advocates of the Direct Method was the German Charles Berlitz, whose schools and Berlitz Method are now world-renowned. Still, the Direct Method was not without its problems. As Brown (1994:56) points out, (it) did not take well in public education where the constraints of budget, classroom size, time, and teacher background made such a method difficult to use. By the late 1920s, the method was starting to go into decline and there was even a return to the Grammar Translation Method, which guaranteed more in the way of scholastic language learning orientated around reading and grammar skills. But the Direct Method continues to enjoy a popular following in private language school circles, and it was one of the foundations upon which the well-known Audiolingual Method expanded from starting half way through the 20th century. The Direct Method is an outcome of Francois Gouin’s 19th century ideas on teaching learners without giving them immediate translations and without teaching grammatical rules. The main idea is to allow students to experience language instead of analyzing grammatical constructions. Maximilian Berlitz, the originator of the Berlitz (Direct) Method, came from Germany immigrating to the United States in 1872 and arrived on an assignment to teach Greek, Latin, and six other languages he came prepared to teach foreign languages according to the traditionalist grammar-translation approach, but adopted a direct method after he saw what happened when an emergency substitute teacher used a more conversational approach that actually produced the best results Berlitz had ever seen with any group of students. The substitute teacher was a native speaker of the target language that was being taught but possessed little to no formal training. Berlitz told him to point at objects and act out verbs and do the best he could. After several weeks Berlitz returned to see how things were going and saw the students in a lively question-and-answer exchange with their teacher. They were speaking the target language. The Berlitz Method was made popular in the late 19th century by Maximilian’s grandson, Charles Berlitz and is now widely used by many language teachers. There are over 450 Berlitz centers around the world where students can pay to experience the Berlitz Method; several centers are located here in the D. C. metropolitan area. The Direct Method, sometimes also called Natural Method, is a method for teaching foreign languages that refrains from using the learners native language and just uses the target language. It was based on the assumption that the learner of a foreign language should think directly in the target language. According to this method, English is taught through English. The learner learns the target language through discussion, conversation and reading in the second language. It does not take recourse to translation and foreign grammar. The basic premise of the Direct Method is that students will learn to communicate in the target language, partly by learning how to think in that language and by not involving L1 in the language learning process whatsoever. Objectives include teaching the students how to use the language spontaneously and orally, linking meaning with the target language through the use of realia, pictures or pantomime (Larsen-Freeman 1986:24). There is to be a direct connection between concepts and the language to be learned. The Direct Method is undoubtedly a highly effective method in terms of creating language learners who are very competent in terms of using the target language communicatively. However, as pointed out above, it requires small class sizes, motivated learners and talented teachers in order to succeed really well. It is also an unfortunate fact of life that students of foreign languages these days need more than just the ability to communicate confidently they need to be able to demonstrate grammatical accuracy and good reading skills in order to succeed in both national and international language testing systems. It becomes something of an issue in countries where English language learning is primarily EFL-based (that is, English as a Foreign Language) and there is a distinct shortage of both (1) the opportunity to apply the language communicatively in real-life situations outside the actual classroom, and (2) teachers who have the required level of native or native-like ability in the target language and the creativity to provide realistic examples to illustrate what elements of the language actually mean. Some of the teachers who go on to practice this kind of methodology tend to be native speakers who travel to foreign countries where they have no ability in the local language. In many cases they are not even aware they are following what is known as the Direct Method they are trying to make the best out of a difficult classroom situation where creativity and constant (careful) use of the target language are required to make up for teachers shortcomings elsewhere, whether that be a lack of ability in the students mother language or a lack of knowledge about various pedagogic approaches to language teaching. The Direct Method was an important turning point in the history of foreign language teaching, and represented a step away from the Grammar Translation Method that was progressive and heading in the right direction. Whereas the material and the language of the grammar-translation class had been based upon great literature and high principle, the Direct Method based material on ordinary situations in which the learner might expect to find herself on going abroad a lesson on the bank, the restaurant, or the hotel or on subjects of ordinary conversation geography, money, the weather. There was little attempt to construct a grammatical syllabus, and if there was any grammar teaching, it was inductive. In Grammar-translation, the activities of the learners had been limited to learning by heart, and to translating, either from the L2 to the L1 or the inverse. In the Direct classroom, no translation was allowed. Instead, the learner was expected to listen, to answer questions, to work in pairs or groups on conversations, to write down dictations, once the written tongue had begun to be an object of study, and to write short passages. One of the driving ideas was to put the learner in situations in which she was expected to produce the language. The learner was expected to become autonomous as quickly as possible, and so the teacher would train the learners to correct themselves. This could be done through offering the speaker a choice between what he had just said and another utterance. Or it could be that the mistake would be signalled by the teachers repeating the utterance in a rising tone, or by stopping the repetition just before she got to the error. As we shall see, the method has its limitations, particularly in schools. It is perhaps better suited to debutants than to more advanced learners most of the adults that came into language schools were, until quite recently, absolute beginners. It is still useful when a teacher is dealing with a class in which the pupils do not possess a common L1. The basic premise of the Direct Method of teaching a language is that the students’ native language should be excluded from the classroom environment, and that there be provided a complete immersion in the target language. Essentially the processes of learning the new language should almost mimic the progression of a child learning their primary language. Specifically the method promotes the use of introducing vocabulary as if the student has no previous knowledge of what it might be called even in his or her native language. The ultimate goal is to get the student to think in the new language. The direct method denies the use of translation for the acquisition of the new language, and assumes that grammar will be learned by virtue of the context and pattern in communication. The grammar is not taught, per se, but instead the student is led to discover the patterns of grammar through carefully chosen illustrations (Diller, 1971). Also the emphasis is not placed on correction of a student’s grammar, word order or on drills but instead it is placed on active learning. Often the writing and reading aspect of learning is considered secondary, and textbooks are not necessarily deemed necessary except as a resource outside of the classroom. Lessons follow a progression, and typically the student learns about 30 new words per lesson. In the first stages of the direct method or Preproduction, words are often taught using the Total Physical Response Method and there is special emphasis on listening comprehension. The following stages include yes and no questions and answers as part of Early production, understanding and phrases as part of Speech emergence, and finally discussions as part of Intermediate fluency (Freeman and Freeman, 1992). There are a few significant problems with this method of teaching. The first requires the teacher to have an excellent command of the target language and also will power, in order not to revert to his or her other language out of habit or if they are stuck. This makes the method better suited for native speakers of the target language to be teaching using this method. The second major problem requires the teacher to be conscious of the difficulty of keeping the students’ attention. It can be very easy for a student to switch off, if they are not understand anything, especially if they are not taking the course on a volunteer basis. It would seem that this method lends itself towards a young audience and maybe be considered condescending for adults. Contrastingly, it can be a fun and humorous experience trying to communicate with another who has no knowledge of the language. It can also humanize the element of learning, and may seem more relevant to everyday life as opposed to learning through drills. Lastly, exclusive use of the foreign language gives a maximum amount of practice, thinking and communicating in the target language. According to H. G. Palmer, The Direct Method has the following: 1. Translation in every shape or form is banished from the classroom including the use of the mother tongue and that of the bilingual dictionary. 2. Grammar, when it is taught, is taught inductively. 3. Oral teaching precedes any form of reading and writing. . The use of disconnected sentences is replaced by the use of connected texts. 5. Pronunciation is taught systematically in accordance with the principles of phonetics and phonology of the target language. 6. The meanings of words and forms are taught by means of object or natural context. 7. The vocabulary and structure of the language are inculcated to a large extent by the teacher and answered by students. Aims: The Direct Method aims at establishing the direct bond between thought and expressions and between experience and language. It is based on the assumption that the learner should experience the new language in the same way as he experienced his mother tongue. In the Grammar Translation Method, the foreign concept or idea is first translated into the mother tongue and then understood. But in the Direct Method the intervention of the mother tongue is done away with the learner understands what he reads or hears in the second or foreign language without thinking of the mother tongue equivalence. Likewise, he speaks or writes the foreign language without the need of translating his thought or idea from the mother tongue into the second/foreign language. He acquires, what Champion calls that instinctive, unerring language sense which we all possess in variant degree in the mother tongue, and which superseding all rules, grammar and dictionaries, resting at bottom on the direct association between experience and expression, is the only sure guide in the use of language. Principles: 1. Oral Training The direct Method emphasizes the value of oral training in learning a foreign language. The pupil is given sufficient practice in listening to the language and then speaking it. It also lays emphasis on the knowledge of phonetics so that the learner may be able to acquire intelligible pronunciation. Oral training helps in establishing direct association between the words of the foreign language and the ideas for which they stand. 2. Inhibition of the Mother Tongue Another way of securing bond between experience and expression is to inhibit the use of the mother tongue. Pupils are taught new words by actually showing them the objects for which they stand or performing actions or by suitable illustration in context. This enables them to think in English and respond directly in English. 3. Sentence is the Unit of Speech Therefore, the teaching of a language starts with the teaching of sentence patterns rather than individual words. This enables the learner to internalize the structure of the target language. New vocabulary items are introduced gradually based on the principle of selection and gradation. They are taught through material association, explanation or use in suitable context. 4. Inductive Teaching of Grammar In the direct method, grammar of the target language is not taught for its own sake. It is a means to an end. Its aim is to enable the learner to correct errors in his speech and writing. Grammar is taught inductively. It may be pertinent to point out here that in the Direct Method also lessons are prepared by the teacher or the author of textbooks according to some grammatical plan. The quantum of exposure to the language enables the learner to form his own hypothesis and rules of the language. Advantages: 1. It is a natural method. It teaches the second/foreign language in the same way as one learns one’s mother tongue. The language is taught through demonstration and conversation in context. Pupils, therefore, acquire fluency in speech. They are quick at understanding spoken English. They can converse in English with felicity and ease. 2. No gap between active and passive vocabulary. This method does not differentiate between active and passive vocabularies. According to this method whatever is required for understanding through English is also required for expressing through it. If English is taught through the mother tongue, the gulf between the active and passive vocabularies is widened. The learner acquires more of passive vocabulary because he concentrates on understanding English rather than expressing through it. 3. This method is based on sound principles of education. It believes in introducing the particular before general, concrete before abstract and practice before theory. Defects: 1. There are educationists, who hold the view that the Direct Method does not take into account all aspects of language teaching. Dr. Michael West considers that the best thing about this method is that it links the foreign word with idea that it represents. Hence, instead of being called a Direct Method it should be called a Direct Principle. 2. Not Comprehensive Language learning involves acquisition of skills – listening, speaking, reading and writing. The Direct Method concentrates on listening and speaking but not reading and writing. That is why many of those who have learned English through the Direct Method feel that they do not get adequate command over written language. A comparison between the Direct Method and the Grammar Translation Method must take into account the following points: i. The Direct Method: . avoids close association between the second or foreign language and the mother tongue. 2. lays emphasis on speech. 3. follows the child’s natural way of learning a language. 4. teaches the language by ‘use’ and not by ‘rule’. 5. does not favour the teaching of formal grammar at the early stage. ii. The Grammar Translation Method: 1. maintains close association between the foreign la nguage and the mother tongue. 2. lays emphasis on speech. 3. follows the adult’s natural way of learning a language. 4. teaches the language by ‘rule’ and not by ‘use. . teaches formal grammar from the very beginning. According to the Berlitz language schools. †¢1. The language is seen as being fundamentally a means of communication. The language that is taught is ordinary, every-day language. †¢2. The theory of learning is based upon an associationist psychology ; sounds (words) are associated with objects and with actions, and then ideas are associated with other ideas. The route into the L2 is direct the learner does not translate, but links the L2 word directly with the object that it represents. To do this properly, she must take an active role in the learning process both asking and answering questions, reading aloud and so on. The L2 learning process is, as with Gouin and Comenius, taken to be very much the same as the L1 learning process. 3. The teacher should preferably be a native-speaker of the language. Her task is to present the language, and to direct classroom activities. The language is presented through the teachers monologue, and the use of realia, or images or of representations of the objects and actions but it is above all the personal qualities of the teacher that make or break the learning process.